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En quoi consiste le protocole commotion en rugby ?

Pierre-Louis Barassi ne sera pas présent contre l'Écosse car il n'a pas répondu favorablement au protocole commotion durant le match contre l'Irlande (Photo de David Rogers/Getty Images)

Pierre-Louis Barassi manquera le match contre l’Écosse car il n’a pas répondu favorablement au protocole commotion contre l’Irlande.

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Mais en quoi consiste le protocole commotion exactement ? Comment les médecins déterminent-ils la capacité des joueurs à revenir à la compétition ?

RugbyPass vous explique les détails des protocoles commotions en rugby ci-dessous.

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Une vigilance de tous les acteurs

Le protocole commotion est une procédure qui vise à détecter et gérer les potentielles commotions cérébrales liées aux chocs à la tête subis en match ou à l’entraînement.

Ces protocoles ont été rendus obligatoires en 2015 par World Rugby après trois années de tests effectués dans différentes compétitions.

En 2018, ce protocole a été renforcé. Les joueurs avaient l’obligation de prendre une période minimale de 6 jours de repos en cas de commotion, une période prolongée à 12 jours en 2022 – d’où l’absence de Barassi contre l’Écosse.

Le protocole est déclenché dès lors qu’un signalement de suspicion de commotion est effectué par l’arbitre, un joueur, le staff médical, un entraîneur ou encore par le protège-dent connecté.

Les signalements sont généralement effectués en cas de perte de connaissance, de trouble de l’équilibre, de désorientation, de mouvement inhabituel ou simplement par précaution après un gros impact, notamment au niveau de la tête.

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Trois niveaux d’évaluation

Le joueur doit alors quitter le terrain et passer un examen d’une dizaine de minutes avec le médecin du match. Le protocole se découpe alors en trois étapes.

Le premier niveau d’évaluation (Head Injury Assessment, ou HIA, 1) se fait pendant le match. Le joueur passe des tests cognitifs, neurologiques et d’équilibre.

Il doit aussi répondre à une batterie de questions visant à détecter des potentielles difficultés à se repérer dans l’espace et dans le temps. Le médecin peut demander au joueur s’il connait le score du match en cours, l’adversaire ou le lieu du match. Il peut aussi demander de répéter une suite de mots ou de citer les mois de l’année à l’envers, par exemple.

Le joueur doit également se souvenir de ce qu’il s’est passé précisément au moment du choc pour être autorisé à revenir sur le terrain.

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Le deuxième niveau d’évaluation (HIA 2) consiste en un nouvel examen du même typé réalisé 3 heures après la rencontre.

Un dernier test est ensuite effectué (HIA 3) après 48 heures afin d’évaluer la durée précise du repos que doit respecter le joueur.

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Un retour à la compétition adapté

À la suite d’une commotion, le joueur doit absolument respecter une phase de repos total (6 à 12 jours), sans match ni entraînement.

Puis il revient sur les terrains progressivement. Il reprend d’abord une activité légère, puis modérée, avant de revenir à l’entraînement puis en compétition.

Le risque d’un retour trop rapide au jeu avec contact peut entraîner une nouvelle commotion avant la guérison complète de la première, ce qui pourrait générer des lésions potentiellement mortelles au niveau du cerveau.

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Les langues se délient

Le joueur peut également subir des troubles neurologiques à long terme, comme des migraines, des troubles de la mémoire ou une démence précoce, comme l’ancien international gallois Andrew Coombs ou encore l’ancien pilier néo-zélandais Carl Hayman.

« En gros, cela signifie que j’ai une quantité limitée d’énergie cérébrale par jour », expliquait Hayman dans les colonnes de RMC Sport en 2023. « C’est comme voir au réveil que son téléphone n’est chargé qu’à 30% et savoir qu’il faudra tenir la journée avec. »

Steve Thompson, talonneur champion du monde avec l’Angleterre en 2003, avait également marqué les esprits par son témoignage en 2023.

Thompson confiait, en plus du fait qu’il n’aimait pas le rugby en lui-même et n’y avait joué en professionnel uniquement pour gagner sa vie, avoir eu des pensées suicidaires à cause des troubles cérébraux dont il souffre.

« J’ai été mis sous surveillance suicide il y a peu de temps. Il y a quelques semaines, j’étais à la gare dans tous mes états », peut-on lire sur le site du Figaro. « J’ai juste pensé “putain”, il y a un train rapide qui passe sans s’arrêter. En fait, c’est passé avant que j’arrive. Je me suis assis sur le suivant et j’ai juste pleuré. Je me surprends parfois à penser que la chose la moins égoïste à faire est de me tuer. »

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