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En plaquant plus bas, les risques de choc à la tête sont grandement réduits, selon une étude écossaise

DUNEDIN, NOUVELLE-ZÉLANDE. Le des All Black Rieko Ioane plaqué lors du test-match entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et l'Angleterre au stade Forsyth Barr le 6 juillet 2024 à Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande. (Photo Hannah Peters/Getty Images)

Les récentes modifications des règles sur la hauteur des plaquages dans le rugby amateur en Écosse ont conduit à une réduction de 45 % des contacts tête contre tête, qui constituent l’une des principales causes de commotion cérébrale.

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Un essai mené au cours de la saison 2023-2024 a révélé que les joueurs avaient effectué 22 % de plaquages en plus au niveau de la taille, la technique recommandée pour réduire la proximité et le contact avec la tête des joueurs.

Les chercheurs qui ont dirigé l’étude estiment que ce changement de comportement a entraîné une diminution des contacts tête contre tête et tête contre épaule entre les joueurs qui plaquent et ceux qui portent le ballon.

Il s’agit de la première des trois études de recherche menées par l’Université d’Édimbourg et commandées par la fédération écossaise (Scottish Rugby) afin d’évaluer l’effet de l’abaissement de la hauteur des plaquages. L’impact d’une telle mesure dans le rugby amateur féminin et dans les catégories de jeunes est également évalué.

Cette étude entre dans le cadre d’essais menés mondialement par World Rugby, sur la réduction de la hauteur des plaquages, et il s’agit de la première dont les résultats sont communiqués.

18 702 plaquages analysés

Des chercheurs de l’Université d’Édimbourg ont analysé les vidéos de 18 702 tacles issus de 60 matchs amateurs masculins afin de comparer la saison 2022-2023, avant que les préconisations n’entrent en vigueur, et 2023-2024.

Ils ont pris en compte l’activité des joueurs, la technique de plaquage, la position du corps, le point de contact et le contact avec la tête. Ces données ont ensuite été répertoriées selon les directives fixées par World Rugby.

Les analyses ont montré que les plaqueurs adoptaient une position plus inclinée dans la préparation de leur geste, afin de saisir la taille de leur adversaire. Il en résulte une réduction de 45 % des contacts tête contre tête, de 29% pour les chocs tête contre épaule, et de 19% pour les contacts tête contre poitrine.

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De plus, les sanctions liées aux plaquages hauts ont triplé lors de la saison 2023-2024. Il n’y a pas eu de changement significatif dans le taux des autres actions répréhensibles.

Pas d’augmentation notable des contacts tête – genou ou tête – hanche

En revanche, aucune augmentation notable des contacts entre la tête des plaqueurs et les hanches ou les genoux des porteurs de ballon n’a été constatée.

Scottish Rugby a recommandé un essai international facultatif de la loi consistant à abaisser la hauteur des plaquages de l’épaule au-dessous du sternum ou de la poitrine – également connu sous le nom de plaquage ventral – dans tout le jeu communautaire.

Avec une attention récente croissante sur les commotions cérébrales dans le rugby à XV, l’essai a été introduit pour améliorer la sécurité des joueurs en réduisant le risque de contacts tête contre tête et de commotions cérébrales. L’abaissement de la hauteur des plaquages est considéré comme le plus sûr pour le plaqueur et le porteur de ballon.

L’étude fait partie d’un projet international dirigé par World Rugby pour évaluer les effets de l’abaissement de la hauteur des plaquages dans 11 pays, dont la France fait partie, avec l’Australie, l’Angleterre, l’Irlande, l’Italie, le Japon, la Nouvelle-Zélande, l’Écosse, l’Afrique du Sud et le pays de Galles.

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